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TIRE INDUSTRY – CHEMICAL & PROCESS

The tire production process is a complex series of steps involving the use of various materials and advanced manufacturing technologies. The production process can vary slightly depending on the type of tire being manufactured (e.g., passenger, truck, motorcycle) and the specific requirements of the tire. It’s important to note that tire manufacturing involves precision engineering and quality control to ensure the safety and performance of the final product.
Material Preparation:
Rubber Compounds: The process begins with the preparation of rubber compounds, which include natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and various chemicals. These compounds are mixed to achieve specific properties like flexibility, strength, and heat resistance.
Other Materials: Additional materials such as fabric, steel wires, and chemicals are prepared for use in the tire layers.
Calendering:
The rubber compound is passed through a series of rollers in a process called calendering. This forms sheets of the desired thickness and consistency.
Cutting and Building:
The sheets of rubber are cut into strips and then assembled to form the tire’s inner liner, sidewalls, and tread. Layers of fabric or steel belts may be added for reinforcement.
Building the Green Tire:
The assembled components are combined to create what is known as a “green tire” or an unvulcanized tire. This tire has all its components but has not undergone the vulcanization process.
Curing (Vulcanization):
The green tire is placed in a mold, and heat and pressure are applied in a process called vulcanization. This chemically transforms the rubber, making it more durable and resilient. The tire takes its final shape during this phase.
Inspection and Testing:
The cured tire undergoes inspection and testing to ensure it meets quality standards. This includes checks for uniformity, balance, and structural integrity.

Tire Finishing:
After inspection, the tire undergoes finishing processes. This includes trimming excess rubber, adding sidewall markings, and applying a protective coating.
Quality Control:
Quality control measures are implemented at various stages of the manufacturing process to identify and rectify defects. Automated systems and manual inspections are commonly used.

Final Inspection and Packaging:
The finished tires undergo a final inspection before being packaged and prepared for distribution.

Tire Classification

Passenger Cars:
Common Types: All-season, summer, winter tires.
Common Sizes: Ranging from 13 inches to 18 inches, with standard sizes like 195/65R15 or 225/50R17.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: Natural rubber and synthetic rubbers (e.g., styrene-butadiene rubber, polybutadiene rubber).
Fillers: Carbon black, silica.
Chemical Additives: Antioxidants, antiozonants, accelerators (e.g., MBT, DPG), activators (e.g., zinc oxide), sulfur, plasticizers, stearic acid.		Aircraft:
Common Types: Aircraft tires with various specifications.
Common Sizes: Vary based on the type of aircraft, from small general aviation planes with sizes like 6.00-6 to larger commercial aircraft with sizes like 44×16.0-20.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: High-temperature resistant blends.
Fillers: Carbon black.
Reinforcements: Steel belts.
Chemical Additives: High-temperature-resistant antioxidants and antiozonants.
Trucks and SUVs:
Common Types: All-terrain, mud-terrain, highway tires.
Common Sizes: Larger sizes, typically starting from 15 inches and going up to 22 inches or more. Examples include LT265/70R17 for light trucks.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: Natural rubber, synthetic rubbers.
Fillers: Carbon black, silica.
Reinforcements: Additional layers of steel belts for strength.
Chemical Additives: Similar to passenger car tires, with variations in reinforcement materials.		Off-Road Vehicles:
Common Types: Off-road, mud-terrain tires.
Common Sizes: Larger sizes for off-road vehicles, such as 33×12.50R15 for off-road trucks or 25×10-12 for ATVs.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: Resilient blends for rugged conditions.
Fillers: Heavy use of carbon black.
Reinforcements: Aggressive tread patterns, reinforced sidewalls.
Chemical Additives: Enhanced levels of antiozonants and reinforcements.
Motorcycles:
Common Types: Cruiser, sport, touring, off-road tires.
Common Sizes: Vary widely based on the type of motorcycle. Examples include 120/70ZR17 for sport bikes or 180/55R17 for touring bikes.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: Specialized blends for different types of motorcycles.
Fillers: Carbon black, silica.
Reinforcements: Cord fabric and steel belts.
Chemical Additives: Antioxidants, antiozonants, accelerators, sulfur, plasticizers.		Racing Cars:
Common Types: Racing slicks, rain tires.
Common Sizes: Vary widely based on the racing discipline. For Formula 1, tire sizes are specified by the regulations, such as 305/670R13.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: High-performance synthetic rubbers.
Fillers: Minimalistic use of carbon black, more reliance on silica.
Reinforcements: High-strength steel belts, lightweight cord fabrics.
Chemical Additives: High-performance accelerators, sulfur donors, and activators.
Commercial Vehicles:
Common Types: Heavy-duty truck tires, bus tires.
Common Sizes: Larger sizes, such as 295/75R22.5 for trucks or 315/80R22.5 for commercial buses.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: Robust blends with higher durability.
Fillers: Larger amounts of carbon black for extended wear resistance.
Reinforcements: Stronger steel belts for heavier loads.
Chemical Additives: Increased levels of antioxidants and antiozonants.		Bicycles:
Common Types: Road, mountain, hybrid tires.
Common Sizes: Range from 20 inches for children’s bikes to 29 inches for mountain bikes. Examples include 700x25C for road bikes or 26×2.1 for mountain bikes.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: Specialized rubber blends for road or off-road use.
Fillers: Carbon black or silica.
Reinforcements: Lightweight cord fabric or aramid fibers.
Chemical Additives: Antioxidants, antiozonants, plasticizers.
Agricultural Equipment:
Common Types: Tractor tires, implement tires.
Common Sizes: Large sizes, including 11.2-24 for rear tractor tires or 7.50-16 for front tractor tires.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: Durable natural rubber blends.
Fillers: Significant use of carbon black for wear resistance.
Reinforcements: Strong cords and steel belts for added strength.
Chemical Additives: Enhanced levels of antiozonants and antioxidants.		Specialized Vehicles:
Common Types: Run-flat tires, snow tires, specialized tires.
Common Sizes: Vary based on the application. Run-flat tires may come in standard sizes, while snow tires may have sizes like 205/55R16 for passenger cars.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: Tailored to specific needs, such as run-flat or snow tires.
Fillers: Varied depending on the application.
Reinforcements: Customized based on the tire’s purpose.
Chemical Additives: Tailored to specific performance requirements.
Construction and Industrial Equipment:
Common Types: Solid tires, pneumatic tires.
Common Sizes: Vary widely based on the specific equipment, ranging from small skid steer tires like 10-16.5 to larger excavator tires like 29.5R25.
Chemical Components:
Rubber Types: Solid rubber or heavy-duty synthetic blends.
Fillers: Reinforcements like carbon black.
Reinforcements: Solid construction or heavy steel belts.
Chemical Additives: High levels of antioxidants.

Tire and Rubber Production Chemical Material

Basic Raw Material
Vital Raw Material:
Sulfur – Zinc – Copper -Iron – Silica – Brine & Sea Salt – Flourspar		Important Basic Raw Material:
Antimony – Aluminum – Clay – Coal – Cobalt – Limestone – Phosphate – Pin Trees – Tallow – Titanium -Vegetable Oil
ElastomerGeneral Purpose
Natural Rubber – Synthetic Natural Rubber – Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) – Butadiene Rubber (BR) – Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM)
Especial Elastomers:
Butyl Rubber – Halobutyl Rubber – Isobutylenepara-methyl Styrene Rubber – Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber – Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber – Curable PVC/NBR Polyblends – Acrylic Rubber – Polychloroprene – Chlorinated Polyethylene Rubber – Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene – Epichlorohydrin Rubber – Ethylene Acrylic Elastomer – Ethylene Vinyl Acetate – Fluoroelastomers – Perfluoroelastomer – Silicone Rubber
Reinforcing MaterialsTextile Reinforcing Materials:
Aramid – Carbon Fibers – Glass Fibers Nylon – Fabric Cord – Polyester Fiber -Rayon – Steel Cord & Cable
Adhesive Systems Used in Rubber – Dips for Rubber-to-Cord Adhesion:
Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin (Liquid) – Styrene Butadiene Vinylpyridine Latex – Isocyanate and/or Epoxy Treatment
Adhesive Systems Used in Rubber – Additives for Cord Adhesion:
Hydrated Precipitated Silica – Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin (Solid) – Hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) – Hexamethylene Tetramine (HMT) – Cobalt Stearate
Thermoplastic ElastomersThermoplastic Elastomers:
Styrenic Block Copolymers (SBC) – Thermoplastic Olefins (TPO) – Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) – Based on PP/EPDM		Thermoplastic Elastomers:
Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on NBR/PP – Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on IIR/PP – Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) – Based on ACM/Nylon – Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) – Based on BIMS/Nylon – Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPUs) – Copolyester and Polyamide Block – Copolymers
PolyurethanePolyurethane:
Polyols – Adipic Acid- Ethylene Glycol – Polyester Polyol – Polypropylene Glycol Polyol
Isocyanates:
4,4′-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (MDI) – Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) – Methylene-Bis-o-chloroaniline (MBCA)
Chain Extenders:
1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD) – Bis(beta-hydroxyethyl) Ether of Resorcinol (HER) – Hydroquinone Di-(2-hydroxyethyl) Ether (HQEE) – Trimethylolpropane (TMP)

Tire and Rubber Production Chemical Material

Carbon Black, Fillers, Reinforcing Agents, and Coupling Agents
Furnace Carbon BlacksThermal Carbon Black
Acetylene Carbon BlackHydrated Precipitated Silica
Fumed SilicaTESPT Organosilane Coupling Agent
Kaolin ClayCalcium Carbonate
TalcTitanium Dioxide
Ground CoalIron Oxide
Curatives
ActivatorsZinc Oxide
Stearic Acid
Vulcanizing
Agents
(Sulfur Based)		Rubber Maker’s Sulfur
Insoluble Sulfur
Dithiodimorpholine (DTDM)
Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide (TMTD)
Primary
Accelerators		N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (TBBS)
N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (CBS)
2-(4-Morpholinothio)-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (MBS)
N,N’-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (DCBS)
4-Morpholinyl-2-benzothiazole Disulfide (MBSS)
Alkyl Phenol Disulfide
Ethylene Thiourea (ETU)
Curatives
Secondary
Accelerators		2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT)
Benzothiazole Disulfide (MBTS)
Tetramethyl Thiuram Monosulfide (TMTM)
Zinc Dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZnDBC)
Zinc Dimethyldithiocarbamate (ZnDMC)
Tellurium Diethyldithiocarbamate (TeDEC)
Diphenyl Guanidine (DPG)
Di-o-Tolylguanidine (DOTG)
Inhibitors
&
Retarders		Cyclohexylthiophthalimide (CTP)
Benzoic Acid
Phthalic Anhydride
Salicylic Acid
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
Curatives
Nonsulfur Vulcanizing Agents
Dicumyl Peroxide (DCP)
Di(2-t-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene (BBPIB)
Methylol-Terminated p-Alkyl-Substituted Phenol Formaldehyde Curing Resin
Zinc Oxide
Antioxidants, Antiozonants, Tackifiers, Flame Retardants, and Blowing Agents
Antioxidants2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ)
Acetone Diphenylamine Condensation Product (ADPA)
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ)
Acetone Diphenylamine Condensation Product (ADPA)
Phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PAN)
Octylated Diphenylamine (8DPA)
Methylene-bis-methylbutyl phenol (o-MBp14)
N,N’-Di-beta-naphthyl-p-phenylene Diamine (DNPD) .
AntiozonantsN-1,3-Dimethylbutyl-N’-phenyl-p-phenylene Diamine (6PPD)
N-N’-bis (1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylene Diamine (i88PD)
N,N’-Diphenyl-p-phenylene Diamine (DPPD)
Protective Waxes
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ)
Antioxidants, Antiozonants, Tackifiers, Flame Retardants, and Blowing Agents
TackifiersPhenol Formaldehyde Resins
Phenol Acetylene Tackifying Resin 356
Petroleum Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resins 358
Polyterpene Resins .
Blowing Agents (for Sponge Rubber)Azodicarbonamide (ADC)
p,p’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl) Hydrazide (OBSH)
Flame RetardantsAntimony Oxide (Antimony Trioxide) 365
Chlorinated Paraffin (CP)
Alumina Trihydrate (ATH)
Zinc Borate Hydrate
Triaryl Phosphate (TAP)
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ)

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ancc – Tire Industry